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CARBOHYDRATES - Chapter 9 pgs 440-469 Carbohydrates Hydrates of carbon - C, H, O - hexose, aldose, ketose - ose ending
Monosaccharides or simple sugars Simpliest Sugars are 3 carbons in length.
glyceraldehyde glycerol dihydroxyacetone acetone
Structures L and D Designations This is determined by the second carbon from the bottom - penultimate carbon. If it is on the left, it is L. If it is on the right, it is R. H-C=0
H-C=O L-glyceraldehyde D-glyceraldehyde Most of the sugars found in nature are D. Open chained structures also called Fisher projections
D- glucose
L- glucose Anomers - When the Fisher formula goes into a ring structure, another place for an isomer occurs. α is when the OH g roup is down from the carbonβ is when the OH group is up from the carbon α glucose β glucose
Pentoses
Hexoses
Review Sugars CnH2nOn formula - alcohol group D and L + - ose endings aldehydes or ketones Aldose Ketose
Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined together Lactose intolerance means they can=t break the β bond
Recaps Maltose = _______________ linkages of _____________ + _______________ Lactose = _______________ linkages of _____________ + _______________ Sucrose = _______________ linkages of _____________ + _______________ Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides joined together A. Starch - vegetable storage of glucose - 1. Amylose (20%) α 1-4 linkages of glucose (60-300 units)
glucose glucose glucose
2. Amylopectin (80%) branched α 1 - 4 and α 1-6 (300-600 units)
B. Glycogen - animal storage of glucose α 1-4 and α 1-6 like anylopectin with shorter branching C. Cellulose - plant β 1-4 linkages
β-D-glucose β -D-glucose β- D-glucose Recap Polysaccharides Plants 1. ______________________ a. ______________________ with _________________________ linkages b. ______________________ with _________________________ linkages 2. ______________________ Animals 1. __________________________ with _________________________ linkages Hydrolyze starch _________________________ monosaccharides glycogen _________________________ monosaccharides cellulose _________________________ monosaccharides Glucose Blood sugar 60-100 mg % normal level Glucose tolerance Curve
Insulin lowers blood sugar by helping it get into cells Glucagon - raises glucose level in blood (alpha cells of pancreas) Approximately 4 Kcal/g of sugar - how many Kcal does a 1 liter bottle of a hospital 5% solution provide?
Galactose Comes from Lactose - lactating - milk Galactoseminia genetic defect whereby galactose cannot be metabolized. It accummulates and mental retardation occurs. What would be a possible treatment galactosemia? Fructose 1/2 of sucrose - 70% sweeter than sucrose used in diets - too much get
diarrhea Starch Mixture of amylose and amylopectin Other Important Carbohydrates GLYCOPROTEINS Proteins with sugar groups attached. BLOOD GROUPS Blood groups antibodies are formed in response to foreign compounds p 459. These sugar polysaccharides are attached to proteins sugar residues Group O
N-acetyl-glucosamine + Galactose + Fucose O = universal donor doesn=t have the sugars present - no antibodies will be formed against given blood A = has the A antigen, so if O or B received it, antibodies against the A antigens would be made B = has the B antigen, so if O or A received it, antibodies against the B antigens would be made AB = universal receiver has both A & B antigens, so it doesn=t see anything as foreign to it Group O most prevalent about 50% Rh factor 15% Rh negative OTHER Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine keeps healthy joints |
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Wednesday, March 21, 2007 01:28:02 PM |